Gorhams Cave - the Most Recent Neanderthal Site

Gorhams Cave is one of numerous cave sites on the Rock of Gibraltar that were occupied by Neanderthals from about 45,000 years ago to perhaps as recently as 28,000 years ago. Gorhams cave is one of the last sites that we know were occupied by Neanderthals: after that, anatomically modern humans (our direct ancestors) were the only hominid walking the earth. The cave is located at the foot of the Gibraltar promontory, opening right onto the Mediterranean. It is one of a complex of four caves, all occupied when the sea level was much lower. Human Occupation Of the total 18 meters (60 feet) of archaeological deposit in the cave, the top 2 m (6.5 ft) includes Phoenician, Carthaginian, and Neolithic occupations. The remaining 16 m (52.5 ft) include two Upper Paleolithic deposits, identified as Solutrean and Magdalenian. Below that, and reported to be separated by five thousand years is a level of Mousterian artifacts representing a Neanderthal occupation between 30,000-38,000 calendar years ago (cal BP); beneath that is an earlier occupation dated about 47,000 years ago. Level I Phonician (8th-3rd century BC)Level II NeolithicLevel IIIa Upper Paleolithic Magdalenian 12,640-10,800 RCYBPLevel IIIb Upper Paleolithic Solutrean 18,440-16,420 RCYBPLevel IV Middle Paleolithic Neanderthal 32,560-23,780 RCYBP (38,50-30,500 cal BP)Level IV Basal Mousterian, 47,410-44,090 RCYBP Mousterian Artifacts The 294 stone artifacts from Level IV (25-46 centimeters [9-18 inches] thick) are exclusively Mousterian technology, mad of a variety of flints, cherts, and quartzites. Those raw materials are found on fossil beach deposits near the cave and in flint seams within the cave itself. The knappers used discoidal and Levallois reduction methods, identified by seven discoidal cores and three Levallois cores. In contrast, Level III (with an average thickness of 60 cm [23 in]) includes artifacts which are exclusively Upper Paleolithic in nature, albeit produced on the same range of raw materials. A stack of superimposed hearths dated to the Mousterian was placed where a high ceiling permitted ventilation of smoke, located near enough to the entrance for natural light to penetrate. Evidence for Modern Human Behaviors The dates for Gorhams Cave are controversially young, and one important side issue is the evidence for modern human behaviors. Recent excavations at Gorhams cave (Finlayson et al. 2012) identified corvids (crows) in the Neanderthal levels at the cave. Corvids have been found at other Neanderthal sites as well, and are believed to have been collected for their feathers, which may have been used as personal decoration. In addition, in 2014, Finlaysons group (Rodrà ­guez-Vidal et al.) reported that they had discovered an engraving at the back of the cave and at the base of Level 4. This panel covers an area of ~300 square centimeters  and consists of eight deeply engraved lines in a hash-marked pattern. Hash marks are known from much older Middle Paleolithic contexts in South Africa and Eurasia, such as Blombos Cave. Climate at Gorhams Cave At the time of the Neanderthal occupation of Gorhams Cave, from Marine Isotope Stages 3 and 2 before the Last Glacial Maximum (24,000-18,000 years BP), the sea level in the Mediterranean was considerably lower than it is today, annual rainfall was some 500 millimeters (15 inches) lower and the temperatures averaged some 6-13 degrees centigrade cooler. Plants in the charred wood of Level IV are dominated by coastal pine (mostly Pinus pinea-pinaster), as is Level III. Other plants represented by pollen in the coprolite assemblage including juniper, olive, and oak. Animal Bones Large terrestrial and marine mammal assemblages in the cave include red deer (Cervus elaphus), Spanish ibex (Capra pyrenaica), horse (Equus caballus) and monk seal (Monachus monachus), all of which show cutmarks, breakage, and disarticulation indicating they were consumed. Faunal assemblages between levels 3 and 4 are essentially the same, and herpetofauna (tortoise, toad, frogs, terrapin, gecko and lizards) and birds (petrel, great auk, shearwater, grebes, duck, coot) showing that the region outside of the cave was mild and relatively humid, with temperate summers and somewhat harsher winters than are seen today. Archaeology The Neanderthal occupation at Gorhams Cave was discovered in 1907 and excavated in the 1950s by John Waechter, and again in the 1990s by Pettitt, Bailey, Zilhao and Stringer. Systematic excavations of the interior of the cave began in 1997, under the direction of Clive Finlayson and colleagues at the Gibraltar Museum. Sources Blain H-A, Gleed-Owen CP, Là ³pez-Garcà ­a JM, Carrià ³n JS, Jennings R, Finlayson G, Finlayson C, and Giles-Pacheco F. 2013.  Climatic conditions for the last Neanderthals: Herpetofaunal record of Gorhams Cave, Gibraltar.  Journal of Human Evolution  64(4):289-299. Carrià ³n JS, Finlayson C, Fernà ¡ndez S, Finlayson G, Alluà © E, Là ³pez-Sà ¡ez JA, Là ³pez-Garcà ­a P, Gil-Romera G, Bailey G, and Gonzà ¡lez-Sampà ©riz P. 2008.  A coastal reservoir of biodiversity for Upper Pleistocene human populations: palaeoecological investigations in Gorhams Cave (Gibraltar) in the context of the Iberian Peninsula.  Quaternary Science Reviews  27(23–24):2118-2135. Finlayson C, Brown K, Blasco R, Rosell J, Negro JJ, Bortolotti GR, Finlayson G, Sà ¡nchez Marco A, Giles Pacheco F, Rodrà ­guez Vidal J et al. 2012.  Birds of a Feather: Neanderthal Exploitation of Raptors and Corvids.  PLoS ONE  7(9):e45927. Finlayson C, Fa DA, Jimà ©nez Espejo F, Carrià ³n JS, Finlayson G, Giles Pacheco F, Rodrà ­guez Vidal J, Stringer C, and Martà ­nez Ruiz F. 2008.  Gorhams Cave, Gibraltar—The persistence of a Neanderthal population.  Quaternary International  181(1):64-71. Finlayson C, Giles Pacheco F, Rodriguez-Vida J, Fa DA, Gutierrez Là ³pez JM, Santiago Pà ©rez A, Finlayson G, Allue E, Baena Preysler J, Cà ¡ceres I et al. 2006.  Late survival of Neanderthals at the southernmost extreme of Europe.  Nature  443:850-853. Finlayson G, Finlayson C, Giles Pacheco F, Rodriguez Vidal J, Carrià ³n JS, and Recio Espejo JM. 2008.  Caves as archives of ecological and climatic changes in the Pleistocene—The case of Gorhams cave, Gibraltar.  Quaternary International  181(1):55-63. Là ³pez-Garcà ­a JM, Cuenca-Bescà ³s G, Finlayson C, Brown K, and Pacheco FG. 2011.  Palaeoenvironmental and palaeoclimatic proxies of the Gorham’s cave small mammal sequence, Gibraltar, southern Iberia.  Quaternary International  243(1):137-142. Pacheco FG, Giles Guzmà ¡n FJ, Gutià ©rrez Là ³pez JM, Pà ©rez AS, Finlayson C, Rodrà ­guez Vidal J, Finlayson G, and Fa DA. 2012.  The tools of the last Neanderthals: Morphotechnical characterisation of the lithic industry at level IV of Gorham’s Cave, Gibraltar.  Quaternary International  247(0):151-161. Rodrà ­guez-Vidal J, dErrico F, Pacheco FG, Blasco R, Rosell J, Jennings RP, Queffelec A, Finlayson G, Fa DA, Gutierrez Là ³pez JM et al. 2014.  A rock engraving made by Neanderthals in Gibraltar.  Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences  Early Edition. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1411529111 Stringer CB, Finlayson JC, Barton RNE, Fernà ¡ndez-Jalvo Y, Cà ¡ceres I, Sabin RC, Rhodes EJ, Currant AP, Rodrà ­guez-Vidal J, Pacheco FG et al. 2008. Proceedings of the National Academy  Neanderthal exploitation of marine mammals in Gibraltar.  Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences  105(38):14319–14324.

Essay about Speech Against Capital Punishment - 1672 Words

Speech Against Capital Punishment Good Afternoon, I am honored to be here, and I thank you for having me. Today I would like to speak to you about a very controversial issue- capital punishment. What do those two words mean to you? To most people they mean a murder victims family receiving justice for their deceased. Let me see a show of hands. How many people in the audience believe in the death penalty? I conducted a weeklong survey of two hundred people of all ages. The purpose was to see how many people believed in the death penalty and how many opposed it. My results are shown on this overhead. As you can clearly see, 98% believe in the death penalty. 57% believe that the death penalty is a deterrent for murder.†¦show more content†¦Jeremy Charron leaves behind his parents, two sets of grandparents, two sisters, two brothers, a wide circle of friends, and a girlfriend whose engagement ring he had begun to shop for. Maybe the Reverend Miller would advise those grieving for Charron to look at pictures of Gordon Perry, the robber accused of pumping the bullets into Charrons heart, and 18 year old Kevin Paul, the accomplice, and forgive. The state of New Hampshire has opted not to forgive, but to prosecute. Perry has been charged with capital murder. If he is convicted, the state will seek the death penalty for the first time since 1939. Jeanne Shepard, the democratic governor, says a capital murder prosecution will put criminals On notice that if they kill a police officer in New Hampshire, they will face the death penalty. What if they kill someone other than a cop? Should criminals not be put on notice that they will face the death penalty if they kill a cashier in cold blood? A farmer, or a schoolteacher? They should- but the law says otherwise. In New Hampshire as in all states with the death penalty, murder can be punished with execution only in specific circumstances. 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Real Friend Free Essays

A real friend is one who stands by his friend in the hour of his need person deserts his friend at a time when he needs him the most, he cannot be called a real friend if two persons simply know each other, and they can call friends. The real test of friendship is, therefore, not mere acquaintance but the will to render timely help to a friend in distress. It is indeed very di to find a true friend in this world. We will write a custom essay sample on Real Friend or any similar topic only for you Order Now Of course, there have been a few examples of true friendship in this Lord Krishna and Susana were class-fellows. They had studied under same Guru. When they grew up, Lord Krishna became a king, but became a pauper. Once Sudama went to Lord Krishna to seek his help, Krishna welcomed his old friend with open arms. He sent out his men to a palatial house for Sudama and gave liberal financial assistance to his ft to overcome their poverty. Lord Krishna thus proved to be a real friend of’ Sudama. Another classical example is that of the abiding friendship between’ Marx and Engels. Karl Marx was a great philosopher but very poor, where friend Engels was a rich mill-owner. The friendship between them was so1 that they wrote books together. Engels always helped his friend Marx money. Nowadays true and faithful friends are very rare. All that glitters is gold. We should always distinguish between good and bad friends. We should remember that only a person who is sincere and honest prove to be a good friend. A good friend is a source of happiness he not only our joys but also our sorrows. A rich student can help his poor friend with money. If the poor friend is brilliant in studies, he can help his rich friend by helping him in his studied other words, each person should help the other with whatever one Friendship is a two-way traffic. It grows on mutual trust and help. I am very fortunate that I have a real friend. He is Mr. Mohan Lai. He best friend. We have been studying together in the same school for teeny He lives near my house. We spend most of our time together. My friend belongs to a rich family. His father is the Manager and mother is also employed. She is a teacher in a Public School. They live bungalow. Though his parents are well off, they are not proud of their wealth. They are very God-fearing persons. They treat me as their own son. They love me very much. My friend is a brilliant student. He always stands first in the class. We study together. He helps me in studying subjects in which I am weak so that I may catch up with him. I am not jealous of him. Rather, I am grateful to him for helping me in my studies. Unfortunately, my friend was not very good in sports. But I am a very good player of cricket. I have, therefore, been coaching him in the game of cricket. He has learnt a lot about this game. By constant and regular practice under my guidance he has become a first class player of cricket. His health has also improved a lot. He is grateful to me for grooming him in the game of cricket. My friend is the monitor of our class. He is very popular among our classmates. He is liked by his teachers. He has cordial relations with one and all. He helps the poor in every possible way. He coaches them in his spare time. He lends his books to them. If a poor student is unable to pay his fee, Mohan Lai comes to his rescue by paying his fee. Once my friend won a cash prize of Rs. 200 for writing the best essay on a given topic he donated the entire amount of Rs. 00 to the Poor Students’ Fund of our school. He is well-known for his compassion for the poor. My friend hates evil but not the evil-doer. He avoids bad company but does not hate those who have fallen prey to it. He feels that is better to reform them. Our friendship has stood the test of time. We have always helped each other all these years. We have never allowed any misunderstanding to come our way. We stand by eac h other through thick and thin. We are proud that we are real friends and will remain so throughout our lives. How to cite Real Friend, Papers

Real Friend Free Essays

A real friend is one who stands by his friend in the hour of his need person deserts his friend at a time when he needs him the most, he cannot be called a real friend if two persons simply know each other, and they can call friends. The real test of friendship is, therefore, not mere acquaintance but the will to render timely help to a friend in distress. It is indeed very di to find a true friend in this world. We will write a custom essay sample on Real Friend or any similar topic only for you Order Now Of course, there have been a few examples of true friendship in this Lord Krishna and Susana were class-fellows. They had studied under same Guru. When they grew up, Lord Krishna became a king, but became a pauper. Once Sudama went to Lord Krishna to seek his help, Krishna welcomed his old friend with open arms. He sent out his men to a palatial house for Sudama and gave liberal financial assistance to his ft to overcome their poverty. Lord Krishna thus proved to be a real friend of’ Sudama. Another classical example is that of the abiding friendship between’ Marx and Engels. Karl Marx was a great philosopher but very poor, where friend Engels was a rich mill-owner. The friendship between them was so1 that they wrote books together. Engels always helped his friend Marx money. Nowadays true and faithful friends are very rare. All that glitters is gold. We should always distinguish between good and bad friends. We should remember that only a person who is sincere and honest prove to be a good friend. A good friend is a source of happiness he not only our joys but also our sorrows. A rich student can help his poor friend with money. If the poor friend is brilliant in studies, he can help his rich friend by helping him in his studied other words, each person should help the other with whatever one Friendship is a two-way traffic. It grows on mutual trust and help. I am very fortunate that I have a real friend. He is Mr. Mohan Lai. He best friend. We have been studying together in the same school for teeny He lives near my house. We spend most of our time together. My friend belongs to a rich family. His father is the Manager and mother is also employed. She is a teacher in a Public School. They live bungalow. Though his parents are well off, they are not proud of their wealth. They are very God-fearing persons. They treat me as their own son. They love me very much. My friend is a brilliant student. He always stands first in the class. We study together. He helps me in studying subjects in which I am weak so that I may catch up with him. I am not jealous of him. Rather, I am grateful to him for helping me in my studies. Unfortunately, my friend was not very good in sports. But I am a very good player of cricket. I have, therefore, been coaching him in the game of cricket. He has learnt a lot about this game. By constant and regular practice under my guidance he has become a first class player of cricket. His health has also improved a lot. He is grateful to me for grooming him in the game of cricket. My friend is the monitor of our class. He is very popular among our classmates. He is liked by his teachers. He has cordial relations with one and all. He helps the poor in every possible way. He coaches them in his spare time. He lends his books to them. If a poor student is unable to pay his fee, Mohan Lai comes to his rescue by paying his fee. Once my friend won a cash prize of Rs. 200 for writing the best essay on a given topic he donated the entire amount of Rs. 00 to the Poor Students’ Fund of our school. He is well-known for his compassion for the poor. My friend hates evil but not the evil-doer. He avoids bad company but does not hate those who have fallen prey to it. He feels that is better to reform them. Our friendship has stood the test of time. We have always helped each other all these years. We have never allowed any misunderstanding to come our way. We stand by eac h other through thick and thin. We are proud that we are real friends and will remain so throughout our lives. How to cite Real Friend, Papers

My Personal Memoir Argumentative Essay Example For Students

My Personal Memoir Argumentative Essay I live a pretty simple life. Not saying nothing happens in it or that I do not do anything to have fun, I am saying I live the clichà © life that I am lucky for, and I will start my story from the beginning; starting with my parents. My parents met in high school, my mom moved when she was fifteen to Venice, FL, where my Dad grew up. My mom was a cheerleader while my dad played football, and though they did not tell me how they met I assume that is how. From what they tell me, my Dad had a big crush on my mom in high school, and even though my mom did not like my Dad in that way she dated him for two weeks than broke up with him. They continued being very good friends all throughout high school, hanging out with each other and their group of friends, they used to party a lot and do hooligan things with each other. After high school my Dad went off in the army, while my mom’s grades got her into the University of Florida. They did not have cell phones yet, so they wrote letters back and forth to each other while my Dad was away. I am not exactly sure when it happened but my Dad confessed his love for my mom, and said she needed to decide if she wanted him too or if they should go down separate paths. My mom chose my Dad, and they have been dating ever since. They got married in 1994 and had me in 1996. So basically I can make a love story out of my mom and my dad’s lives. Now for my life, I was born on March 17, 1996. When I came out a redhead it was quite a shock to everybody considering nobody else in my family does. The constant question â€Å"where’d you get your beautiful red hair?! † is always asked, and I never know what to say because I have no idea. My mom and my dad are both brunettes, but even though my hair color is different, I look exactly like my mom. I have my dad’s features, his eyes, his nose, his lips, but when it comes to a general look if I stand right next to my mom a lot of people say we pull off being sisters. I lived for two years a lonely child, and though I do not remember it, my mom said I was a really good child, barely cried, barely whined, I was a very content baby. On August 14, 1998, I was no longer an only child; my not so little now brother, Kyle, was born. I adored my baby brother. The pictures show it, when he was growing up I was always with him, holding his hand, giving him my blanket, and sharing everything with him. At one point, though, that changed. When I was in middle school, my personality changed completely, like everybody that is going through the â€Å"awkward stage† at that point, I did not really know how to act or anything. I went to the same school from kindergarten through eighth-grade. It was a small charter school called Island Village Montessori School, and I think that may have something to do with it. I became friends with the people I grew up with, it was a small group where only we hung out with each other. Kind of like the clichà © snobby cliques in the movies. In seventh grade I got my first boyfriend. Erick Gasca, the cutest boy in the school. Everyone loved him, and I am not saying that just to make me look better, everyone had a problem with us dating because I was the awkward red head with braces and he was the tall muscular kid with tan skin and he had such a great personality, he was so funny. I loved being around him, whether we were dating or not. Kyle did not like that, he was always mad at me for bringing Erick home. He would always get mad at me, and whenever Erick and I would do as little as hold hands he was always there to yell at me. So I kind of started hating my brother. One night, Kyle and I got in our worst fight ever. He started telling my parents things to try and get me in trouble, like I was sneaking out at night to see Erick. So I got sick of it and started telling him off, calling him names, so he came up to me and tried to slap me in the face, and I punched him back. We got in this huge fist fight, I was the bigger sibling at the time, so I beat him pretty bad, and my Dad had to pry me off of him for me to stop. After that, I did not talk to him for a long time; I do not really remember Kyle in my life in the rest of my middle school life. I continued dating Erick, and hanging out with my friends, I was in Drama, and played softball. So I had the best life in middle school, I was basically the clichà © popular high school girl you see in the movies, just in middle school. It wasn’t until two weeks after middle school was over I felt as if my life was falling apart, I had been dating Erick for almost two years when he cheated on me. He made out with another girl, and even though it does not sound as bad as it should, I was heartbroken. He was my first and only long-term boyfriend I had. I went in kind of a depression state, where I did not want to get out of bed, I did not want to eat, I stopped hanging out with my friends, and as silly as it is now, I really did love him, even though I was so young. Finally a girl who I played softball with, Megan, came over one day and told me I need to do something, and we started hanging out all the time, and then another girl I played softball with, Rachel, started hanging out with us. We were the ultimate trio. Analysis of morality and accountability in legal s EssayI believe that friendship is important. I am a very independent person that likes to do things on my own, but if I did not have friends to support me through everything that I do, or to pick me up when I am feeling down, I do not know where I would be in life right now. Everybody in my life is doing something different, whether if it is staying at home and being in a band or going to University of South Florida St. Pete to be an artist, we are all there to support each other and catch each other when one person falls. I love that about my life, I am so thankful that I have so many supporters, including my family. I am also not saying you need friends to succeed in life, I just believe that they will help you a lot mentally. To give you advice when you cannot really figure it out for yourself. Also I believe that if you lose friends, you will make new and possibly better ones. Ones that are worth everything in the long run. I am lucky to have a supportive family too, my dad came to every single softball game this season, and a lot of the girls said they have never met a parent like that. My mom is more supportive about my grades, she always calls me to see if I need help with anything academically, probably because she was always the smart one and my dad was always the sporty one; but they make a great combination. My parents teach me a lot, I am more like my dad personality wise, my mom is a talker, and she will sit there and talk for hours. I do not really like talking, I would rather keep things to myself then to just sit there and talk about nonsense, like my dad. My mom also does not approve of tattoos, but my dad has two. I love tattoos, I love the fact that it expresses art in a different way that will last forever, and my dad backs me up on that. I am also more open with my dad then my mom because my mom has a big mouth, and if I tell her not to tell anybody, she does not count her family, which is her sister and mom, and they tell everybody else. And since my dad does not really like to people all that much in the first place I tell him everything, and he does not judge, he just tells me his opinion and moves on. Also that is another trait I picked up from my dad, I respect people’s privacy and will just tell them how I feel and move on. I picked up my music taste from my dad also, he listens to classic rock so I listen to classic rock, which I also started listening to modern rock, and pop punk, and post hardcore. A lot of people do not expect that from me, but it is kind of like my dirty little secret that I listen to post hardcore (which is screamo with singing in it) because I do not look like I do I guess? Though I wear a lot of black shirts I do not wear the dark eyeliner and dye my hair every color on the color wheel. Apparently that is the, â€Å"hardcore,† look. Speaking of that kind of music, my dad also accepts the fact that I like going to concerts, my mom does not like me spending money on them, but I do not think she understands that it is fun to get lost in the music when the band is right in front of you. Along with my friends, music is important to me too. Which they kind of mix because every best friend I have had listened to the same music I did Except for Megan but she dealt with it. Music I think lets you just get away from reality in a sense that nobody else understands. When you can listen to the lyrics and they relate to your life so much that you just listen to them over and over to help you get through any rough time you are going through I think that is what music is about. The rap they play now on the radio, talking about drugs and having sex over and over; I think it is gross. I am not saying that every rap song is like that, but almost every song you hear is, but anyways, the music I listen to does not have anything to do with that. This song called, â€Å"In Between,† is probably the best song I know lyrically, and it got me through a lot of rough times while I was homesick. Some of the lyrics are, â€Å"Up on the mountain, I see down below, It’s easy to lose yourself I know Everybody gets high, everybody gets low, life can be such over dose. † And then it says, â€Å"don’t run away. † So it is saying that even though life gets rough, do not run away from it, turn around a face it and get through it. I love it so much, because I think there is a point in everybody’s life, that they just want to run away from the tough time they are facing. So to sum up who I am, I am a girl that has gone through a lot of friends, but every time I lost friends I gained new and better ones. I learned a lot from my family, and value friendship. My friends and family are huge supporters and do not know what I would do without them, and music is a huge part of my life. I would not trade my life for anything in the world, and I have a lot of life to live still, so I am excited to see what the future holds.