Health Care Physicians In Kuwait Health And Social Care Essay

Presentation: Domestic power against grown-up females is an of import open health work. The clinical practician ‘s individual worth framework and convictions about local power can play an of import capacity to cover with occupation and flexibly backing to battered grown-up females. Point: The current review was planned to reveal demeanor of specialists towards residential power against grown-up females and variables affecting this disposition. Strategies: To achieve such purposes, an example of 565 specialists were met out of 899 specialists chose for this review with a general reaction pace of 62.8 % . The imprint populace for this overview was all specialists in the essential health consideration focuses in Kuwait. Outcomes: The results of the current overview uncovered that specialists would in general hold a nearly low positive by and large disposition mark towards power against grown-up females ( 60.75 + 13.16 % ) , with a normal for each centum characteristic of 42.36 + 15.37 % for connection between companions space, 75.73 + 21.80 % for good grounds to hit wedded womans area, and 58.39 + 17.11 % for course of household power circle. Female specialists would in general hold a higher inspirational disposition mark than guys ( 62.9 + 13.36 % contrasted and 58.3 + 12.52 % , P and A ; lt ; 0.001 ) each piece great with respect to every demeanor circle. A long time spent at the current occupation contrarily connected with the whole demeanor characteristic of specialists towards local power against grown-up females. Choice: There is an extraordinary interest to better mentality of specialists about local power, especially against grown-up females through fairly arranged planning plans so a superior clinical consideration and backing of beat-up grown-up females can be accomplished. Cardinal words: Domestic †power †Women †Physicians-AttitudeIntroductionGender-based power is broadly perceived as an of import open health work, both in view of the intense dismalness and mortality related with ambush and its more extended term sway on grown-up females ‘s wellbeing, including constant harming, gynecologic employments, explicitly transmitted maladies, gloom, post-awful accentuation upsets, and implosion. ( 1-3 ) Abused grown-up females who have hapless physical and mental health endure a larger number of damages and use more clinical assets than non-manhandled grown-up females. ( 1,2,4 ) Wellbeing consideration foundations can do significant parts to turn toing power against grown-up females by back uping the two specialists and casualties. ( 3 ) Health consideration laborers can play a basic capacity to cover with this wellbeing work through legitimate course of beat-up grown-up females and providing full help. Notwithstanding, wellbeing consideration laborers may parcel the equivalent social standards and biass with casualties or offenders of relational power, which would affect their expert perspectives. Moreover, a few specialists may accept that relational power is a private family issue and non a health issue. In add-on, while the happenings assigned to this field are inconsistent, some wellbeing consideration laborers may encounter miserable, taking them to proficient hesitance. ( 4-6 ) Thus the accompanying study was detailed to achieve the undermentioned points: Estimate disposition of specialists towards local power ( DV ) against grown-up females and Revea l factors affecting mentality of specialists about local power against grown-up females.MethodsAn exploratory cross-sectional overview configuration was received for this study. The review was done in the essential health consideration focuses in Kuwait. All specialists accessible during the field work of the review in the essential wellbeing consideration focuses were the imprint populace of this study. An aggregate of 78 wellbeing communities are circulated more than five health domains in Kuwait. The whole figure of specialists was 899 ; out of these, only 565 consented to partition in the review with a reaction pace of 62.8 % . The overview secured the period January to August 2010. Information were gathered more than a quarter of a year get bringing down from the May to July, 2010. Figures of this study was gathered through an exceptionally planned self-controlled survey. This survey comprised of a few regions. The main development managed socio-segment highlights, including age, sex, figure of mature ages in design, instructive creation, current occupation, mature ages at current work and pay. Three requests managed commonness of power ; one in Kuwait, one in other Arab states and the last one managed pervasiveness in general the universe. The disposition graduated table comprised of 18 requests covering three sub-spaces. The primary sub-space managed the connection among mates and comprised of 6 requests, while the second sub-area the hitting wedded womans by their hubbies and framed of 8 requests, the last sub-area managed heading of DV and comprised of three requests. The reasons for DV comprised of 14 requests ; of these five secured the single highlights of offender, two secured the relationship, three managed the network variables, and 4 requests mirrore d the social components including conventions, progress and wonts. Another region of the meeting survey secured the normal consequence of household power. This segment comprised of 34 requests delegated follows: physical wellbeing ( 6 requests ) , interminable conditions ( 5 requests ) , mental health ( 8 requests ) , negative wellbeing conduct ( 5 requests ) , generative wellbeing ( 7 requests ) , and lethal outcome ( 3 requests ) . A pilot review was done on 30 specialists ( non remembered for the closing study ) . This review was planned with the accompanying points: demonstrate the clarity, relevance of the study apparatuses, suit the motivation behind the work to existent achievability, place the difficulties that might be looked during the application, each piece great as study all the processs and exercises of the regulatory features. Moreover, the clasp of completing the poll was evaluated during this pilot overview to be 10 proceedingss. The fundamental changes blending to the outcomes acquired were done, so a few proclamations were revamped. In addition, the development of the poll sheet was reformatted to ease informations total. A pre-coded sheet was utilized. All requests were coded before informations collection. This encourages the two informations passage and affirmation each piece great as decreases the opportunity of errors during informations section. Facts were taken care of to the registering machine directly from the poll without a halfway informations transportation sheets. The Excel plan was utilized for informations passage. A record for informations section was arranged and organized fitting to the factors in the poll. After informations were taken care of to the Excel plan ; a few strategies were utilized to confirm informations passage. These strategies incorporated the supporters: straightforward frequence, cross-organization, each piece great as manual change of entered informations. Rate mark was determined for the whole mentality mark each piece great with respect to every circle of demeanor. Before figuring the measure of imprint ; the characteristic of negative requests was turned aroun d. The per centum mark was determined as follows: measure of imprint X 100/figure of focuses. The sum was blessed to receive give an extent of 100 % with a lower cutoff of nothing and a furthest restriction of 100.Statistical analysis:Before investigation ; informations were imported to the Statistical Package for Social Sciences ( SPSS ) which was utilized for the two informations examination and even introduction. Graphic ( check, per centum, lower limit, furthest breaking point, number juggling mean, normal and standard uniqueness ) and logical advances ( Mann Whitney Z preliminary and Spearman correlativity coefficient ) were used. The level of noteworthiness chose for this study was P ? 0.05. All the essential gifts for shipping out the exploration were gotten. The Ethical Committee of the Kuwaiti Ministry of Health affirmed the exploration. A composed arrangement elucidating the purpose of the exploration was arranged and marked by the specialist before get bringing down the meeting. In add-on, the purpose and significance of the examination were talked about with the supervisor of the wellbeing centre.ConsequenceTable I depicts socio-segment highlights of contemplated specialists. Females established 53.1 % of the contemplated test while the rest of guys ( 46.9 % ) with a mean period of 39.95 + 9.07 mature ages and a standard of 13.04 + 8.42 mature ages at the current occupation. Kuwaiti specialists comprised 43.2 % of the whole example while 51.5 % were other Arab specialists. The mass were hitched ( 87.3 % ) while the rest of by and by individual ( 3.0 % separated or widow and 9.7 % ne'er wedded before ) . Out of the whole example, 89.2 % were functioning as an enlist ment center, while the rest of 10.8 % ) were either specializers or counselors. Those keeping an unmarried man grade established 31.7 % , while the mass ( 68.3 % ) were keeping a higher instructive affirmation. The pay for the main part of specialists ( 82.1 % ) was more than 1000 KD. Table II shows perceptual experience of specialists about commonness of DV against grown-up females in Kuwait, other Arab states and around the world. Specialists would in general measure lower pervasiveness of household power in Kuwait than other Arab states or worldwide as 43.8 % of them expressed that local power against grown-up females is more than 20 % while 69 % and 58.8 % expressed a similar commonness in other Arab states and overall severally. Table III exhibits mentality of specialists towards DV against grown-up females. The most noteworthy normal per centum mark ( 75.73 + 21.80 % ) was that for disposition circle two covering with striking of wedded womans in various fortunes, trailed by circle three covering with appropriate heading of DV ( 58.39 + 17.11 % ) . Connection between life partners ( space one ) went ahead the underside of the rundown with a mean of 42.36 + 15.37 % . The general mentality normal per centum mark was 60.75 + 13.16 % with a normal for each ce

Case Study On It Management Lure Pedophiles

Question: There have been cases including sting tasks to catch pedophiles. While numerous individuals concur that these sting activities are important, others may contend that these could be delegated ensnarement and ought not be utilized. For this conversation: 1. Do you accept that sting activities ought to be utilized to draw pedophiles? Are there different strategies that could be utilized to shield kids from these predators? Clarify your answer. 2. Investigating You have been employed as a framework manager to deal with the everyday issues of a neighborhood independent company. You have to comprehend essential investigating methods. In this conversation, answer the accompanying inquiries: What are some normal investigating steps? What is the boot procedure of a run of the mill PC? What BIOS codes are useful with investigating PC issues? What are some regular issue with hard drives? Answer: Do you accept that sting tasks ought to be utilized to draw pedophiles? Pedophiles are one sort of sexual sickness which occurred in individuals' life due confusion of sexual life. Pedophiles live like a normal individual, yet they are explicitly pulled in to youngsters. What's more, meanwhile, they become dependent with childern of their own or nebgherhood. The pedophiles not just manhandled kids by inappropriate behavior they likewise ruin their life. In the situation of US sting activity named Broken Heart is set to catch those guilty parties (California specialists capture 275 kid predators, 2014). US Sherif used to draw the pedophiles by disseminating youngster pornography over the web, so the individuals with sexual bewilderment step towards the Sherif's association. So the facts confirm that US Department tricked the pedophiles by promoting youngster sex entertainment over the web. Different strategies to stop pedophiles Kids cerebrums have less multifaceted nature than any older folks. They essentially judge individuals by their motion, figure, and articulation. So guardians need to instruct their kids about what is acceptable and what is terrible with the goal that they can't be pulled in by the underhanded people groups (How to Protect your Children from Pedophiles | MoCHIP, 2016). Guardians likewise need to follow their youngsters movement with the goal that they can know about anything unnatural happened to their kid. What are some normal investigating steps? The regular activity which is essentially expected to a post to investigate fundamental issues like moderate web speed, slow PC, or infection issues. For web sped people groups need to stop their superfluous downloads or transfer. A moderate PC can accelerate by halting undesirable foundation programming execution. What is the boot procedure of a run of the mill PC? The boot procedure of a run of the mill PC drives out in some basic stages. In the wake of giving force flexibly to a PC, it plays out a motherboard seller characterized test which is named as POST or force on individual test and after this procedure boot loader is enacted to send the working framework center useful module. What BIOS codes are useful with investigating PC issues? PCs BIOS code are spoken to in a discernible configuration which is spoken to by some signal sounds. A portion of these signal sounds are determined beneath Single blare sound is utilized to depict any mistake identified with DRAM refreshment. Twofold signal sound is utilized to show the disappointments in Parity circuit. Multiple times blare sound is utilized educate about CMOS related issues. What is some normal issue with hard drives? The regular issues which are related with each hard drive in PCs are The unrecognizable hard circle which occurred because of some mistake in hard plate firmware. Firmware mistake additionally makes framework hang or boot disappointment issues. Temperature issues occur because of ill-advised ventilation in hard plate packaging territory. References California specialists capture 275 kid predators. (2014).Mail Online. Recovered 15 June 2016, from https://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2671467/Almost-300-pedophiles-including-instructing aide resigned sheriffs-appointee captured month-long-To-Catch-Predator-style-sting-operation.html Step by step instructions to Protect your Children from Pedophiles | MoCHIP. (2016).Mochip.org. Recovered 15 June 2016, from https://mochip.org/how-to-shield your-kids from-pedophiles/

New Android App MindMeister 2.2.1 with Boundaries, Auto-Layout more - Focus

New Android App MindMeister 2.2.1 with Boundaries, Auto-Layout more - Focus Please note: This article was last updated in 2013. For the latest information on MindMeister apps for Android and iOS, please visit mindmeister.com/apps The latest version of our Android app is now available for you to download from the Google Play Store. As well as including new features like support for boundaries, weve focused a lot on the usability by implementing a number of improvements for the  responsiveness and stability  of the app. Download MindMeister 2.2.1 for Android New In This Version Support for boundaries is the highlight feature of this release, enabling users to create visually much more attractive content and give prominence to key information in a mind map. Thats not all of course, heres a list of all other changes included in this update: Support for read-only maps Automatic layout (avoid overlaps) Progress indicators for listing and images Hardware acceleration (Android 3.0+) Stability and performance improvements Bug fixes

Gorhams Cave - the Most Recent Neanderthal Site

Gorhams Cave is one of numerous cave sites on the Rock of Gibraltar that were occupied by Neanderthals from about 45,000 years ago to perhaps as recently as 28,000 years ago. Gorhams cave is one of the last sites that we know were occupied by Neanderthals: after that, anatomically modern humans (our direct ancestors) were the only hominid walking the earth. The cave is located at the foot of the Gibraltar promontory, opening right onto the Mediterranean. It is one of a complex of four caves, all occupied when the sea level was much lower. Human Occupation Of the total 18 meters (60 feet) of archaeological deposit in the cave, the top 2 m (6.5 ft) includes Phoenician, Carthaginian, and Neolithic occupations. The remaining 16 m (52.5 ft) include two Upper Paleolithic deposits, identified as Solutrean and Magdalenian. Below that, and reported to be separated by five thousand years is a level of Mousterian artifacts representing a Neanderthal occupation between 30,000-38,000 calendar years ago (cal BP); beneath that is an earlier occupation dated about 47,000 years ago. Level I Phonician (8th-3rd century BC)Level II NeolithicLevel IIIa Upper Paleolithic Magdalenian 12,640-10,800 RCYBPLevel IIIb Upper Paleolithic Solutrean 18,440-16,420 RCYBPLevel IV Middle Paleolithic Neanderthal 32,560-23,780 RCYBP (38,50-30,500 cal BP)Level IV Basal Mousterian, 47,410-44,090 RCYBP Mousterian Artifacts The 294 stone artifacts from Level IV (25-46 centimeters [9-18 inches] thick) are exclusively Mousterian technology, mad of a variety of flints, cherts, and quartzites. Those raw materials are found on fossil beach deposits near the cave and in flint seams within the cave itself. The knappers used discoidal and Levallois reduction methods, identified by seven discoidal cores and three Levallois cores. In contrast, Level III (with an average thickness of 60 cm [23 in]) includes artifacts which are exclusively Upper Paleolithic in nature, albeit produced on the same range of raw materials. A stack of superimposed hearths dated to the Mousterian was placed where a high ceiling permitted ventilation of smoke, located near enough to the entrance for natural light to penetrate. Evidence for Modern Human Behaviors The dates for Gorhams Cave are controversially young, and one important side issue is the evidence for modern human behaviors. Recent excavations at Gorhams cave (Finlayson et al. 2012) identified corvids (crows) in the Neanderthal levels at the cave. Corvids have been found at other Neanderthal sites as well, and are believed to have been collected for their feathers, which may have been used as personal decoration. In addition, in 2014, Finlaysons group (Rodrà ­guez-Vidal et al.) reported that they had discovered an engraving at the back of the cave and at the base of Level 4. This panel covers an area of ~300 square centimeters  and consists of eight deeply engraved lines in a hash-marked pattern. Hash marks are known from much older Middle Paleolithic contexts in South Africa and Eurasia, such as Blombos Cave. Climate at Gorhams Cave At the time of the Neanderthal occupation of Gorhams Cave, from Marine Isotope Stages 3 and 2 before the Last Glacial Maximum (24,000-18,000 years BP), the sea level in the Mediterranean was considerably lower than it is today, annual rainfall was some 500 millimeters (15 inches) lower and the temperatures averaged some 6-13 degrees centigrade cooler. Plants in the charred wood of Level IV are dominated by coastal pine (mostly Pinus pinea-pinaster), as is Level III. Other plants represented by pollen in the coprolite assemblage including juniper, olive, and oak. Animal Bones Large terrestrial and marine mammal assemblages in the cave include red deer (Cervus elaphus), Spanish ibex (Capra pyrenaica), horse (Equus caballus) and monk seal (Monachus monachus), all of which show cutmarks, breakage, and disarticulation indicating they were consumed. Faunal assemblages between levels 3 and 4 are essentially the same, and herpetofauna (tortoise, toad, frogs, terrapin, gecko and lizards) and birds (petrel, great auk, shearwater, grebes, duck, coot) showing that the region outside of the cave was mild and relatively humid, with temperate summers and somewhat harsher winters than are seen today. Archaeology The Neanderthal occupation at Gorhams Cave was discovered in 1907 and excavated in the 1950s by John Waechter, and again in the 1990s by Pettitt, Bailey, Zilhao and Stringer. Systematic excavations of the interior of the cave began in 1997, under the direction of Clive Finlayson and colleagues at the Gibraltar Museum. Sources Blain H-A, Gleed-Owen CP, Là ³pez-Garcà ­a JM, Carrià ³n JS, Jennings R, Finlayson G, Finlayson C, and Giles-Pacheco F. 2013.  Climatic conditions for the last Neanderthals: Herpetofaunal record of Gorhams Cave, Gibraltar.  Journal of Human Evolution  64(4):289-299. Carrià ³n JS, Finlayson C, Fernà ¡ndez S, Finlayson G, Alluà © E, Là ³pez-Sà ¡ez JA, Là ³pez-Garcà ­a P, Gil-Romera G, Bailey G, and Gonzà ¡lez-Sampà ©riz P. 2008.  A coastal reservoir of biodiversity for Upper Pleistocene human populations: palaeoecological investigations in Gorhams Cave (Gibraltar) in the context of the Iberian Peninsula.  Quaternary Science Reviews  27(23–24):2118-2135. Finlayson C, Brown K, Blasco R, Rosell J, Negro JJ, Bortolotti GR, Finlayson G, Sà ¡nchez Marco A, Giles Pacheco F, Rodrà ­guez Vidal J et al. 2012.  Birds of a Feather: Neanderthal Exploitation of Raptors and Corvids.  PLoS ONE  7(9):e45927. Finlayson C, Fa DA, Jimà ©nez Espejo F, Carrià ³n JS, Finlayson G, Giles Pacheco F, Rodrà ­guez Vidal J, Stringer C, and Martà ­nez Ruiz F. 2008.  Gorhams Cave, Gibraltar—The persistence of a Neanderthal population.  Quaternary International  181(1):64-71. Finlayson C, Giles Pacheco F, Rodriguez-Vida J, Fa DA, Gutierrez Là ³pez JM, Santiago Pà ©rez A, Finlayson G, Allue E, Baena Preysler J, Cà ¡ceres I et al. 2006.  Late survival of Neanderthals at the southernmost extreme of Europe.  Nature  443:850-853. Finlayson G, Finlayson C, Giles Pacheco F, Rodriguez Vidal J, Carrià ³n JS, and Recio Espejo JM. 2008.  Caves as archives of ecological and climatic changes in the Pleistocene—The case of Gorhams cave, Gibraltar.  Quaternary International  181(1):55-63. Là ³pez-Garcà ­a JM, Cuenca-Bescà ³s G, Finlayson C, Brown K, and Pacheco FG. 2011.  Palaeoenvironmental and palaeoclimatic proxies of the Gorham’s cave small mammal sequence, Gibraltar, southern Iberia.  Quaternary International  243(1):137-142. Pacheco FG, Giles Guzmà ¡n FJ, Gutià ©rrez Là ³pez JM, Pà ©rez AS, Finlayson C, Rodrà ­guez Vidal J, Finlayson G, and Fa DA. 2012.  The tools of the last Neanderthals: Morphotechnical characterisation of the lithic industry at level IV of Gorham’s Cave, Gibraltar.  Quaternary International  247(0):151-161. Rodrà ­guez-Vidal J, dErrico F, Pacheco FG, Blasco R, Rosell J, Jennings RP, Queffelec A, Finlayson G, Fa DA, Gutierrez Là ³pez JM et al. 2014.  A rock engraving made by Neanderthals in Gibraltar.  Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences  Early Edition. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1411529111 Stringer CB, Finlayson JC, Barton RNE, Fernà ¡ndez-Jalvo Y, Cà ¡ceres I, Sabin RC, Rhodes EJ, Currant AP, Rodrà ­guez-Vidal J, Pacheco FG et al. 2008. Proceedings of the National Academy  Neanderthal exploitation of marine mammals in Gibraltar.  Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences  105(38):14319–14324.

Essay about Speech Against Capital Punishment - 1672 Words

Speech Against Capital Punishment Good Afternoon, I am honored to be here, and I thank you for having me. Today I would like to speak to you about a very controversial issue- capital punishment. What do those two words mean to you? To most people they mean a murder victims family receiving justice for their deceased. Let me see a show of hands. How many people in the audience believe in the death penalty? I conducted a weeklong survey of two hundred people of all ages. The purpose was to see how many people believed in the death penalty and how many opposed it. My results are shown on this overhead. As you can clearly see, 98% believe in the death penalty. 57% believe that the death penalty is a deterrent for murder.†¦show more content†¦Jeremy Charron leaves behind his parents, two sets of grandparents, two sisters, two brothers, a wide circle of friends, and a girlfriend whose engagement ring he had begun to shop for. Maybe the Reverend Miller would advise those grieving for Charron to look at pictures of Gordon Perry, the robber accused of pumping the bullets into Charrons heart, and 18 year old Kevin Paul, the accomplice, and forgive. The state of New Hampshire has opted not to forgive, but to prosecute. Perry has been charged with capital murder. If he is convicted, the state will seek the death penalty for the first time since 1939. Jeanne Shepard, the democratic governor, says a capital murder prosecution will put criminals On notice that if they kill a police officer in New Hampshire, they will face the death penalty. What if they kill someone other than a cop? Should criminals not be put on notice that they will face the death penalty if they kill a cashier in cold blood? A farmer, or a schoolteacher? They should- but the law says otherwise. In New Hampshire as in all states with the death penalty, murder can be punished with execution only in specific circumstances. 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Real Friend Free Essays

A real friend is one who stands by his friend in the hour of his need person deserts his friend at a time when he needs him the most, he cannot be called a real friend if two persons simply know each other, and they can call friends. The real test of friendship is, therefore, not mere acquaintance but the will to render timely help to a friend in distress. It is indeed very di to find a true friend in this world. We will write a custom essay sample on Real Friend or any similar topic only for you Order Now Of course, there have been a few examples of true friendship in this Lord Krishna and Susana were class-fellows. They had studied under same Guru. When they grew up, Lord Krishna became a king, but became a pauper. Once Sudama went to Lord Krishna to seek his help, Krishna welcomed his old friend with open arms. He sent out his men to a palatial house for Sudama and gave liberal financial assistance to his ft to overcome their poverty. Lord Krishna thus proved to be a real friend of’ Sudama. Another classical example is that of the abiding friendship between’ Marx and Engels. Karl Marx was a great philosopher but very poor, where friend Engels was a rich mill-owner. The friendship between them was so1 that they wrote books together. Engels always helped his friend Marx money. Nowadays true and faithful friends are very rare. All that glitters is gold. We should always distinguish between good and bad friends. We should remember that only a person who is sincere and honest prove to be a good friend. A good friend is a source of happiness he not only our joys but also our sorrows. A rich student can help his poor friend with money. If the poor friend is brilliant in studies, he can help his rich friend by helping him in his studied other words, each person should help the other with whatever one Friendship is a two-way traffic. It grows on mutual trust and help. I am very fortunate that I have a real friend. He is Mr. Mohan Lai. He best friend. We have been studying together in the same school for teeny He lives near my house. We spend most of our time together. My friend belongs to a rich family. His father is the Manager and mother is also employed. She is a teacher in a Public School. They live bungalow. Though his parents are well off, they are not proud of their wealth. They are very God-fearing persons. They treat me as their own son. They love me very much. My friend is a brilliant student. He always stands first in the class. We study together. He helps me in studying subjects in which I am weak so that I may catch up with him. I am not jealous of him. Rather, I am grateful to him for helping me in my studies. Unfortunately, my friend was not very good in sports. But I am a very good player of cricket. I have, therefore, been coaching him in the game of cricket. He has learnt a lot about this game. By constant and regular practice under my guidance he has become a first class player of cricket. His health has also improved a lot. He is grateful to me for grooming him in the game of cricket. My friend is the monitor of our class. He is very popular among our classmates. He is liked by his teachers. He has cordial relations with one and all. He helps the poor in every possible way. He coaches them in his spare time. He lends his books to them. If a poor student is unable to pay his fee, Mohan Lai comes to his rescue by paying his fee. Once my friend won a cash prize of Rs. 200 for writing the best essay on a given topic he donated the entire amount of Rs. 00 to the Poor Students’ Fund of our school. He is well-known for his compassion for the poor. My friend hates evil but not the evil-doer. He avoids bad company but does not hate those who have fallen prey to it. He feels that is better to reform them. Our friendship has stood the test of time. We have always helped each other all these years. We have never allowed any misunderstanding to come our way. We stand by eac h other through thick and thin. We are proud that we are real friends and will remain so throughout our lives. How to cite Real Friend, Papers

Real Friend Free Essays

A real friend is one who stands by his friend in the hour of his need person deserts his friend at a time when he needs him the most, he cannot be called a real friend if two persons simply know each other, and they can call friends. The real test of friendship is, therefore, not mere acquaintance but the will to render timely help to a friend in distress. It is indeed very di to find a true friend in this world. We will write a custom essay sample on Real Friend or any similar topic only for you Order Now Of course, there have been a few examples of true friendship in this Lord Krishna and Susana were class-fellows. They had studied under same Guru. When they grew up, Lord Krishna became a king, but became a pauper. Once Sudama went to Lord Krishna to seek his help, Krishna welcomed his old friend with open arms. He sent out his men to a palatial house for Sudama and gave liberal financial assistance to his ft to overcome their poverty. Lord Krishna thus proved to be a real friend of’ Sudama. Another classical example is that of the abiding friendship between’ Marx and Engels. Karl Marx was a great philosopher but very poor, where friend Engels was a rich mill-owner. The friendship between them was so1 that they wrote books together. Engels always helped his friend Marx money. Nowadays true and faithful friends are very rare. All that glitters is gold. We should always distinguish between good and bad friends. We should remember that only a person who is sincere and honest prove to be a good friend. A good friend is a source of happiness he not only our joys but also our sorrows. A rich student can help his poor friend with money. If the poor friend is brilliant in studies, he can help his rich friend by helping him in his studied other words, each person should help the other with whatever one Friendship is a two-way traffic. It grows on mutual trust and help. I am very fortunate that I have a real friend. He is Mr. Mohan Lai. He best friend. We have been studying together in the same school for teeny He lives near my house. We spend most of our time together. My friend belongs to a rich family. His father is the Manager and mother is also employed. She is a teacher in a Public School. They live bungalow. Though his parents are well off, they are not proud of their wealth. They are very God-fearing persons. They treat me as their own son. They love me very much. My friend is a brilliant student. He always stands first in the class. We study together. He helps me in studying subjects in which I am weak so that I may catch up with him. I am not jealous of him. Rather, I am grateful to him for helping me in my studies. Unfortunately, my friend was not very good in sports. But I am a very good player of cricket. I have, therefore, been coaching him in the game of cricket. He has learnt a lot about this game. By constant and regular practice under my guidance he has become a first class player of cricket. His health has also improved a lot. He is grateful to me for grooming him in the game of cricket. My friend is the monitor of our class. He is very popular among our classmates. He is liked by his teachers. He has cordial relations with one and all. He helps the poor in every possible way. He coaches them in his spare time. He lends his books to them. If a poor student is unable to pay his fee, Mohan Lai comes to his rescue by paying his fee. Once my friend won a cash prize of Rs. 200 for writing the best essay on a given topic he donated the entire amount of Rs. 00 to the Poor Students’ Fund of our school. He is well-known for his compassion for the poor. My friend hates evil but not the evil-doer. He avoids bad company but does not hate those who have fallen prey to it. He feels that is better to reform them. Our friendship has stood the test of time. We have always helped each other all these years. We have never allowed any misunderstanding to come our way. We stand by eac h other through thick and thin. We are proud that we are real friends and will remain so throughout our lives. How to cite Real Friend, Papers

My Personal Memoir Argumentative Essay Example For Students

My Personal Memoir Argumentative Essay I live a pretty simple life. Not saying nothing happens in it or that I do not do anything to have fun, I am saying I live the clichà © life that I am lucky for, and I will start my story from the beginning; starting with my parents. My parents met in high school, my mom moved when she was fifteen to Venice, FL, where my Dad grew up. My mom was a cheerleader while my dad played football, and though they did not tell me how they met I assume that is how. From what they tell me, my Dad had a big crush on my mom in high school, and even though my mom did not like my Dad in that way she dated him for two weeks than broke up with him. They continued being very good friends all throughout high school, hanging out with each other and their group of friends, they used to party a lot and do hooligan things with each other. After high school my Dad went off in the army, while my mom’s grades got her into the University of Florida. They did not have cell phones yet, so they wrote letters back and forth to each other while my Dad was away. I am not exactly sure when it happened but my Dad confessed his love for my mom, and said she needed to decide if she wanted him too or if they should go down separate paths. My mom chose my Dad, and they have been dating ever since. They got married in 1994 and had me in 1996. So basically I can make a love story out of my mom and my dad’s lives. Now for my life, I was born on March 17, 1996. When I came out a redhead it was quite a shock to everybody considering nobody else in my family does. The constant question â€Å"where’d you get your beautiful red hair?! † is always asked, and I never know what to say because I have no idea. My mom and my dad are both brunettes, but even though my hair color is different, I look exactly like my mom. I have my dad’s features, his eyes, his nose, his lips, but when it comes to a general look if I stand right next to my mom a lot of people say we pull off being sisters. I lived for two years a lonely child, and though I do not remember it, my mom said I was a really good child, barely cried, barely whined, I was a very content baby. On August 14, 1998, I was no longer an only child; my not so little now brother, Kyle, was born. I adored my baby brother. The pictures show it, when he was growing up I was always with him, holding his hand, giving him my blanket, and sharing everything with him. At one point, though, that changed. When I was in middle school, my personality changed completely, like everybody that is going through the â€Å"awkward stage† at that point, I did not really know how to act or anything. I went to the same school from kindergarten through eighth-grade. It was a small charter school called Island Village Montessori School, and I think that may have something to do with it. I became friends with the people I grew up with, it was a small group where only we hung out with each other. Kind of like the clichà © snobby cliques in the movies. In seventh grade I got my first boyfriend. Erick Gasca, the cutest boy in the school. Everyone loved him, and I am not saying that just to make me look better, everyone had a problem with us dating because I was the awkward red head with braces and he was the tall muscular kid with tan skin and he had such a great personality, he was so funny. I loved being around him, whether we were dating or not. Kyle did not like that, he was always mad at me for bringing Erick home. He would always get mad at me, and whenever Erick and I would do as little as hold hands he was always there to yell at me. So I kind of started hating my brother. One night, Kyle and I got in our worst fight ever. He started telling my parents things to try and get me in trouble, like I was sneaking out at night to see Erick. So I got sick of it and started telling him off, calling him names, so he came up to me and tried to slap me in the face, and I punched him back. We got in this huge fist fight, I was the bigger sibling at the time, so I beat him pretty bad, and my Dad had to pry me off of him for me to stop. After that, I did not talk to him for a long time; I do not really remember Kyle in my life in the rest of my middle school life. I continued dating Erick, and hanging out with my friends, I was in Drama, and played softball. So I had the best life in middle school, I was basically the clichà © popular high school girl you see in the movies, just in middle school. It wasn’t until two weeks after middle school was over I felt as if my life was falling apart, I had been dating Erick for almost two years when he cheated on me. He made out with another girl, and even though it does not sound as bad as it should, I was heartbroken. He was my first and only long-term boyfriend I had. I went in kind of a depression state, where I did not want to get out of bed, I did not want to eat, I stopped hanging out with my friends, and as silly as it is now, I really did love him, even though I was so young. Finally a girl who I played softball with, Megan, came over one day and told me I need to do something, and we started hanging out all the time, and then another girl I played softball with, Rachel, started hanging out with us. We were the ultimate trio. Analysis of morality and accountability in legal s EssayI believe that friendship is important. I am a very independent person that likes to do things on my own, but if I did not have friends to support me through everything that I do, or to pick me up when I am feeling down, I do not know where I would be in life right now. Everybody in my life is doing something different, whether if it is staying at home and being in a band or going to University of South Florida St. Pete to be an artist, we are all there to support each other and catch each other when one person falls. I love that about my life, I am so thankful that I have so many supporters, including my family. I am also not saying you need friends to succeed in life, I just believe that they will help you a lot mentally. To give you advice when you cannot really figure it out for yourself. Also I believe that if you lose friends, you will make new and possibly better ones. Ones that are worth everything in the long run. I am lucky to have a supportive family too, my dad came to every single softball game this season, and a lot of the girls said they have never met a parent like that. My mom is more supportive about my grades, she always calls me to see if I need help with anything academically, probably because she was always the smart one and my dad was always the sporty one; but they make a great combination. My parents teach me a lot, I am more like my dad personality wise, my mom is a talker, and she will sit there and talk for hours. I do not really like talking, I would rather keep things to myself then to just sit there and talk about nonsense, like my dad. My mom also does not approve of tattoos, but my dad has two. I love tattoos, I love the fact that it expresses art in a different way that will last forever, and my dad backs me up on that. I am also more open with my dad then my mom because my mom has a big mouth, and if I tell her not to tell anybody, she does not count her family, which is her sister and mom, and they tell everybody else. And since my dad does not really like to people all that much in the first place I tell him everything, and he does not judge, he just tells me his opinion and moves on. Also that is another trait I picked up from my dad, I respect people’s privacy and will just tell them how I feel and move on. I picked up my music taste from my dad also, he listens to classic rock so I listen to classic rock, which I also started listening to modern rock, and pop punk, and post hardcore. A lot of people do not expect that from me, but it is kind of like my dirty little secret that I listen to post hardcore (which is screamo with singing in it) because I do not look like I do I guess? Though I wear a lot of black shirts I do not wear the dark eyeliner and dye my hair every color on the color wheel. Apparently that is the, â€Å"hardcore,† look. Speaking of that kind of music, my dad also accepts the fact that I like going to concerts, my mom does not like me spending money on them, but I do not think she understands that it is fun to get lost in the music when the band is right in front of you. Along with my friends, music is important to me too. Which they kind of mix because every best friend I have had listened to the same music I did Except for Megan but she dealt with it. Music I think lets you just get away from reality in a sense that nobody else understands. When you can listen to the lyrics and they relate to your life so much that you just listen to them over and over to help you get through any rough time you are going through I think that is what music is about. The rap they play now on the radio, talking about drugs and having sex over and over; I think it is gross. I am not saying that every rap song is like that, but almost every song you hear is, but anyways, the music I listen to does not have anything to do with that. This song called, â€Å"In Between,† is probably the best song I know lyrically, and it got me through a lot of rough times while I was homesick. Some of the lyrics are, â€Å"Up on the mountain, I see down below, It’s easy to lose yourself I know Everybody gets high, everybody gets low, life can be such over dose. † And then it says, â€Å"don’t run away. † So it is saying that even though life gets rough, do not run away from it, turn around a face it and get through it. I love it so much, because I think there is a point in everybody’s life, that they just want to run away from the tough time they are facing. So to sum up who I am, I am a girl that has gone through a lot of friends, but every time I lost friends I gained new and better ones. I learned a lot from my family, and value friendship. My friends and family are huge supporters and do not know what I would do without them, and music is a huge part of my life. I would not trade my life for anything in the world, and I have a lot of life to live still, so I am excited to see what the future holds.

Conservation of Momentum Lab Report Essay Example

Conservation of Momentum Lab Report Paper We will also explore how mass impacts in the change of momentum, and if there can be a non-changing impulse between the two carts with different masses. Data Refer Experimental results: part) Materials Stopwatch 1 meter stick 1 Cart 1 Cart with string 2 blocks/books 1 Mass block of 1. Egg 1 Mass block of 0. Egg Method Analyzing Exploding Carts Lab Activity Handout (back Setup materials: Construct horizontal track, using the meter stick to create it. To surround it (and to prevent the carts from falling), set the 2 blocks/books at the edge of each side. Set the string to its first module. Total track should be 1. Mm; however, distance traveled by the carts will be 0. Mm. Record the interval as d in Table 1. Put the carts next to each other, with the string separating them (but still together). Mark this location with a small piece of tape if necessary. Run a few tests until the time for the both of them to cover different distances is the same (this is because they have different acceleration and masses). In order to determine the velocity, measure the time it takes for each cart to travel the known d. After this, repeat the trials; but add 0. Egg of mass. We will write a custom essay sample on Conservation of Momentum Lab Report specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Conservation of Momentum Lab Report specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Conservation of Momentum Lab Report specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Repeat until timing is precise. Once this finished, calculate the velocity of all trials; FL and v, using ODL (distance traveled by cart 1) and do (distance traveled by cart 2). Also calculate momentum; Pl and pa. Hence, the equations used will be: v = d/t Comments and observations: Setting the material was simple. The activity was interesting. We had lots of experimental error; lots of variations in velocity and some for time. This was equal for cart and cart. We had to run many trials in order to get the most precise results. Total track was 1. Mm long however, only 0. Mm was traveled. The two carts were set in different spots along the track. Cart had an initial weight of 1. Egg, while cart was 0. Egg. The cart on which mass was added was cart 1. We can see here all the trials and how each changed in comparison to the one done before. Between each mass change for cart , distance traveled decreased 0. Mm (or 2. CM). Velocity decreased at different rates; so there was a different acceleration. This was on cart 1, because mass was being added to it; which not only involves a bigger mass but also brings a higher force of friction acting on it. Conclusion We conclude that it is not only possible for two collisions with the same initial velocity to have the same impulse but mandatory. That is, as long as the time of the impulse is free to change. We had some error in our experiment, in the difference in momentum and the integrated impulse. I believe that this was caused by two factors. We did not really measure the force sensor between each run. This could lead to a miss measurement of force and would account for the doubled error for the spring. Also we did not release the cart from the same point on the track (although this was made to have them finishing at same time; easier to administrate). The difference in the mass and distance traveled would naturally cause the final velocity before impact to be different (this is because of friction). The Max force that occurs during a collision is a function of the change in velocity over a change of time. The shorter the time span, the larger the force must be. However, this will not change the impulse. If we had correct calibration and similar momentums for both our runs, I am confident that we would have seen an even more accurate account of impulse. Even with our error we had conclusive results. Conservation of Momentum Lab Report Essay Example Conservation of Momentum Lab Report Paper We will also explore how mass impacts in the change of momentum, and if there can be a non-changing impulse between the two carts with different masses. Data Refer Experimental results: part) Materials Stopwatch 1 meter stick 1 Cart 1 Cart with string 2 blocks/books 1 Mass block of 1. Egg 1 Mass block of 0. Egg Method Analyzing Exploding Carts Lab Activity Handout (back Setup materials: Construct horizontal track, using the meter stick to create it. To surround it (and to prevent the carts from falling), set the 2 blocks/books at the edge of each side. Set the string to its first module. Total track should be 1. Mm; however, distance traveled by the carts will be 0. Mm. Record the interval as d in Table 1. Put the carts next to each other, with the string separating them (but still together). Mark this location with a small piece of tape if necessary. Run a few tests until the time for the both of them to cover different distances is the same (this is because they have different acceleration and masses). In order to determine the velocity, measure the time it takes for each cart to travel the known d. After this, repeat the trials; but add 0. Egg of mass. We will write a custom essay sample on Conservation of Momentum Lab Report specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Conservation of Momentum Lab Report specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Conservation of Momentum Lab Report specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Repeat until timing is precise. Once this finished, calculate the velocity of all trials; FL and v, using ODL (distance traveled by cart 1) and do (distance traveled by cart 2). Also calculate momentum; Pl and pa. Hence, the equations used will be: v = d/t Comments and observations: Setting the material was simple. The activity was interesting. We had lots of experimental error; lots of variations in velocity and some for time. This was equal for cart and cart. We had to run many trials in order to get the most precise results. Total track was 1. Mm long however, only 0. Mm was traveled. The two carts were set in different spots along the track. Cart had an initial weight of 1. Egg, while cart was 0. Egg. The cart on which mass was added was cart 1. We can see here all the trials and how each changed in comparison to the one done before. Between each mass change for cart , distance traveled decreased 0. Mm (or 2. CM). Velocity decreased at different rates; so there was a different acceleration. This was on cart 1, because mass was being added to it; which not only involves a bigger mass but also brings a higher force of friction acting on it. Conclusion We conclude that it is not only possible for two collisions with the same initial velocity to have the same impulse but mandatory. That is, as long as the time of the impulse is free to change. We had some error in our experiment, in the difference in momentum and the integrated impulse. I believe that this was caused by two factors. We did not really measure the force sensor between each run. This could lead to a miss measurement of force and would account for the doubled error for the spring. Also we did not release the cart from the same point on the track (although this was made to have them finishing at same time; easier to administrate). The difference in the mass and distance traveled would naturally cause the final velocity before impact to be different (this is because of friction). The Max force that occurs during a collision is a function of the change in velocity over a change of time. The shorter the time span, the larger the force must be. However, this will not change the impulse. If we had correct calibration and similar momentums for both our runs, I am confident that we would have seen an even more accurate account of impulse. Even with our error we had conclusive results.

How to Identify Email Spam

How to Identify Email Spam How to Identify Email Spam How to Identify Email Spam By Mark Nichol I received the following email message recently. Actually, it went to my spam folder, but other recipients may not be so fortunate or so discerning about its deceptive nature. But if you read carefully, you’ll find plenty of clues that the writer is not a native speaker of English, much less an FBI agent. My editorial interpolations are in brackets. Anti-Terrorist and Monitory Crime Division. Federal Bureau of Investigation. Daniel McMullen (Special Agent in Charge) Attn: , [Mac, you forgot to fill in my name, or a generic term.] This is to officially inform you that it has come to our notice and we have thoroughly investigated with the help of our Intelligence Monitoring Network System that you are having an illegal Transaction with Impostors. [The Intelligence Monitoring Network System could be a brand-name system meriting initial capitalization, but it also could be and is, according to an online search a phrase that comes up only in reference to its inclusion in this message, a classic example of the Nigerian email scam. Furthermore, Rampant Initial Capitalization of Very Important Things, also seen in the phrase â€Å"Transaction with Impostors,† is a common occurrence in email-scam content.] We the Federal Bureau Of Investigation want you to stop further communication with any Impostors claiming to be official. [The FBI would never use the royal we, it doesn’t capitalize the of in its name, and it wouldn’t simply tell you to â€Å"stop† anything.] During our Investigation, [not just any investigation, mind you, but an Investigation] we noticed that the reason why you have not received your payment is because you have not fulfilled your Financial Obligation given to you in respect of your Contract/Inheritance Payment. [More outbreaks of Raging Capitalitis. Also, even FBI bureaucrats know that â€Å"we noticed that the reason why you have not received your payment is because† is more elegantly rendered â€Å"we noticed that you have not received your payment because.†] Therefore, we have contacted the Federal Ministry of Finance [of(?)] Nigeria on your behalf and they have brought a solution to your problem by coordinating your payment in total $5,900,000.00(Five Million Nine Hundred Thousand Dollars). [The only place you will find monetary amounts rendered to the last decimal place followed by the spelled-out rendering, with words initial-capped, in parentheses is in Nigerian scam emails. No one else treats references to money this way.] Since the Federal Bureau of Investigation [Mac, can you just call it the FBI, like everyone else does? But thanks for lowercasing the of this time.] is involved in this transaction,you have to be rest assured for this is 100% risk free it is our duty to protect you. [The main clause of the previous sentence is a mess. Messages to the public from government agencies are better written than this.] We the Federal Bureau Of Investigation [there’s that royal we again, and a reversion to the initial-capped of] want you to contact the ATM CARD CENTER [All-caps = VERY IMPORTANT AND AUTHORITATIVE, but just what is the â€Å"ATM CARD CENTER†?] via email for their requirements to proceed and procure your Approval Slip on your behalf which will cost you $150 and note that your Approval Slip which contains details of the agent who will process your transaction. [This runaway sentence starts out coherently but eventually devolves into meaninglessness.] CONTACT INFORMATION NAME: Mr. Kelvin Williams Address: 18 Koffi Crescent Apapa Lagos Nigeria [Is Nigeria, or the FBI excuse me, the Federal Bureau Of Investigation suffering a comma shortage?] EMAIL: williamskelvin857@yahoo.com [Why am I emailing someone in Nigeria? Oh, right because it’s a Nigerian email scam.] Do contact [â€Å"Do contact†? The FBI sure sounds fussy these days.] Mr. Kelvin Williams of the ATM CARD CENTER with your details,and you full information So your files would be updated after which he will send the payment information which youll use in making payment of$150 via Western Union Money Transfer or Money Gram Transfer for the procurement of your Approval Slip after which the delivery of your ATM CARD will be effected to your designated home address without any further delay. [There’s evidently a period shortage, too.] We order you [You order me? Have I been conscripted? Oh, and, excuse me, sir, but you left out another word.] get back to this office after you have contacted the ATM SWIFT CARD CENTER [Oh, now it’s the ATM SWIFT CARD CENTER.] and we do await your response so we can move on with our Investigation and make sure your ATM SWIFT CARD gets to you. [What’s an ATM SWIFT CARD? Something available, evidently, only from Nigeria.] Thanks and hope to read from you soon. [No, you will not be reading from me soon, Mac.] Daniel McMullen Special Agent in Charge Criminal Division FBI Los Angeles Suite 1700, FOB 15000 Wilshire Boulevard Los Angeles, California [Oops, you forgot your ZIP code, Mac. But that’s OK I double-checked your street address, and it’s wrong. In an online search, it came up only in wait for it references to a Nigerian email scam. (This one, in particular.)] Note: Do disregard [Fussy!] any email you get from any impostors or offices claiming to be in possession of your ATM CARD, you are hereby advice only to be in contact with Mr. Kelvin Williams of the ATM CARD CENTER who isthe rightful person to deal with in regards to your ATM CARD PAYMENT and forward any emails you get from impostors to this office so we could act upon and commence investigation. [Again, the FBI does not condone run-on sentences or comma splices.] Note: There is actually a Federal Bureau Of Investigation agent named Daniel McMullen, but he’s stationed in Mississippi, not Los Angeles. Perhaps he was sent there as punishment for his atrocious writing skills. (That’s just a harmless little joke, denizens of the Magnolia State.) Are you on the lookout for written passages to use as rewriting and editing exercises? Look no further than your email program’s spam folder. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Business Writing category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:70 "Home" Idioms and ExpressionsList of Greek Words in the English LanguageEspecially vs. Specially

Hear Me Out Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Hear Me Out - Essay Example I never had to use my health care until a recent illness, and I was shocked to discover how much an emergency room visit costs (even with benefits), and the itemization of the bill was ludircious. For instance, I was charged $38 for a magnesium pill—these can be bought at a drug store at 100 count for less than $10. The doctor, whom I barely saw, charged me close to $900 for being in the hospital for around 4 hours. My bill would have been $8000 without insurance; luckily I had to pay only $2500, still a lot, but not too bad considering the original expense. I see now why so few people can afford this, and why the situation is getting out of control. I am therefore in full agreement of promoting a government-sponsoered health care program to help cut back medical costs. What worries me most at this time is the fact that some of my very close friends do not have health insurance (and they have two 14 month old twin boys). If anything happened to them or the babies, since they a re both without full time jobs (lost due to the economy), they would lose everything. This situation is terrible for many people, and to imagine two hardworking people losing their homes and having to find a way to take care of their babies without a house is a thought I would like to be able to put out of my mind, but I cannot due to the current situation. This brings me now to my fear about the economy. Like my friends I mentioned, many people are unemployed and searching for work unsuccessfully. The true problem with this is the fact that jobs are not out there, and some states are hurting because of the economy. They are less and less able to provide unemployment. Of course, this will only make things worse for the economy. If these people are not able to get unemployment checks to survive, they will lose their homes and not have the money to spend on groceries or anything else to

Ways that internet has changed political interactions globally Essay

Ways that internet has changed political interactions globally - Essay Example Naturally then, political interactions are no exception. Internet has changed the political interaction globally in a number of ways across the entire â€Å"life cycle† of a political candidate – from the way electoral candidates reach out to the masses for proposing their agendas and for raising funds, to how they interact with the people once in power (or not in power), to how they formulate policy - both domestic and foreign, and finally even to how people oppose the government. Internet, through its large plethora of social networks, news and information sites/blogs has become a major force in the election process globally – for information gathering by masses about the political agendas, for marketing and advertising of candidate’s visions, and for fund raising. The US presidential elections in 2000 marked the beginning of the active use of internet in the election process as all candidates started opening and maintaining their websites. By 2004, blogs started cropping up and became a leading source of information and update for the people about the electoral process, and political parties started using the internet to promote their candidate’s visions. And in 2008, internet made it possible to overcome one of the biggest challenges of the electoral process – collecting small donations cost effectively. Until then, it was considered too costly to get the small donors’ money and was often neglected; the Obama campaign col lected an estimated $300 million through small donations made on the internet and showed how internet could easily overcome this problem with the biggest cost in the process being the transaction fee on cards. The effective use of internet is also often credited for a relatively young and unknown Senator Obama going on to become the president of the US. Internet has also changed the way politicians communicate with the masses in general – for information dissemination and opinion gathering. It allows a rapid interaction

An Analysis of Female Foeticide in India

An Analysis of Female Foeticide in India India is a country of incredible ironies. It is a land where people worship myriad forms of female Shakti in quest of wealth, wisdom and power. In this country it is a common sight to see thousands of couples making arduous journeys every year to shrines of goddesses in order to be blessed with a child. But strangely enough, in this country, a couple is said to be blessed only when it has a male child; for a girl is never considered a blessing in our society. Her birth seems to cast a pall of gloom over the entire family. Her birth is not rejoiced, instead the entire family moans. Gender biasness had been the typical attitude of the patriarchal Indian society since time immemorial. The Vedas contained passages which emphasized the necessity of son. May you be the mother of a hundred sons have always been a popular blessing by elders to young brides. It is indeed an undeniable fact that despite differences in social and intellectual status, almost all the sections of the society do stand on the same platform so far as their craving for male child is concerned. On the other hand, daughters are unwanted, they are considered burdensome and people who do not dare to carry this burden for long dispose them off as quickly as possible, for in Incredible India, killing of the girl child is no sin. Initially the girl child was put to death brutally, being throttled, poisoned or drowned in a bucket of water right after her birth. These had been the common practices followed particularly in the rural areas. However the evil of killing the girl child no longer remained confined to the rural people but equally attracted the urban population too who, despite being educated, seem to show a strong preference for the male child and the subsequent avoidance of the female child. The rapid advancement of science and technology proved a boon for these people as this had made the diabolic slaughter of the female child much easier and more sophisticated than before. The benefits of science, as usual, has again been misused by mankind and today by dint of the pre-natal sex determination tests, the female fetuses are selectively aborted. Hence we can say that in the modern era another shameful chapter has been added to the saga of oppression and exploitation meted out to women, in the form of Female Foeticide. It is indeed heartening that in recent times when India boasts of its scientific achievements and discoveries, when the pages of textbooks are flooded with slogans of Shining India, women in India are not only facing inequality and inequity in every sphere but they are denied even the right to be born. What is Female Foeticide? As a medical term, foeticide is destruction of a fetus  [1]. The term Female Foeticide may be defined as the elimination of a female foetus at any stage of pregnancy, after determining its sex. It is also defined as killing of female foetus through induced abortion.  [2]  Hence Female Foeticide refers to the process of aborting a foetus if, after undergoing sex determination tests or pre-natal diagnostics tests, it is revealed that the foetus is female. In other words, it implies the barbarous act of killing the girl child in the womb itself, unseen and unheard, only for the fact that she is female. The misuse of medical science has facilitated the rapid growth of this heinous crime in the society today. A number of medical procedures are carried out to determine the sex of the unborn child such as: Amniocentesis Ultrasonography Foetoscopy Chorionic villi biopsy Placental tissue sampling etc. Out of these the most commonly used sex-determination test is amniocentesis. It was meant to be used as an aid to detect any abnormality in the unborn child. But over the years, especially since 1978, amniocentesis has become a widely used test by doctors to determine the sex of the foetus between 14-18 weeks of pregnancy. The ultrasound technique has also gained huge popularity. The trans-vaginal sonography has enabled to determine the sex of a foetus within 13-14 weeks of pregnancy and through abdominal ultrasound, sex determination is possible within 14-16 weeks. Whatever be the method employed, the reality is that these methods have made sex determination quite easier and cheaper, thereby encouraging the growth of Female Foeticide at a high rate. Reasons for High Rate of Female Foeticide in India: It has been widely accepted nowadays that girls are emotionally more attached to parents, more responsible in society and by no means less competent than boys. However withstanding all this, the typical orthodox Indian attitude accompanied with several socio-economic-cultural factors pervading in the society has always upheld the need of male child and disfavored the birth of girl child in the family. This has immensely contributed to the rampant growth of female foeticide in the country, thus making India one of the worst nations in the world plagued with skewed sex ratio. The most prominent factors encouraging Female Foeticide in India are listed below: i) Religious factors: The Hindu religion lays great stress on the birth of a son. In a Hindu patriarchal society it is the son who continues the family lineage or Vansh. According to Manu, a man cannot attain moksha unless he has a son to light his funeral pyre. Also, it says a woman who gives birth to only daughters may be left in the eleventh year of marriage.  [3]  Such gender biased customs and practices in the traditional Hindu society has over-emphasized the birth of sons and discouraged the birth of girl child in the family, thus paving the way for Female Foeticide. ii) Evil of Dowry: Dowry is essentially one of the factors which has encouraged the practice of Female Foeticide to a great extent. Parents find it a better option to avoid the female fetuses itself than to pay exorbitant rates in the form of dowry while marrying off their daughters. Hence in order to escape from dowry people desperately go for sex selection tests and eliminate the female foetus. To most of the couples, especially the middle-class ones, it appears that paying Rs. 500 at present is better than to pay Rs.5,00,000 in future. Conversely, the boy is viewed an asset to fetch fabulous dowry for the parents. Hence boys are naturally preferred to girls. iii) Financial Dependence of Females on Husband or In laws: In India, the socio-economic background has also been the villain behind the tragic female foeticide. Certain communities want to get rid of female child compelled by the circumstances of dehumanizing poverty, unemployment, superstition and illiteracy. iv) Secondary status of women in society: It is generally expected that sons would carry the family lineage forward, provide security and care to parents especially in old age, enhance family wealth and property and perform the last rites and rituals. Whereas daughters would go to anothers house draining out all the family wealth. Moreover they always need to be protected, defended and taken care of , thus imposing an extra burden over the family. Such conservative attitude of the Indian society which essentially regards women a burden is one of the most potent factors which has induced strong son preference and hence encouraged Female Foeticide. All this factors clearly point out that the ever existing gender biasness in our country favoring the male and the stereotype notion of women as burden is the primary cause acting behind the shocking statistics of Female Foeticide in India. Genesis and Growth of Female Foeticide in India: The Chilling Reality The devil of Female Foeticide first crept into the Indian society through the corridors of the northern states which engaged in gross misuse of amniocentesis. Amniocentesis first started in India in 1974 as a part of a sample survey conducted at the All India Institute of Medial Sciences (AIIMS), New Delhi, to detect foetal abnormalities. These tests were later stopped by the Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR), but their value had leaked out by then and 1979 saw the first sex determination clinic opening in Amritsar, Punjab. Even though women organizations across the country tried their best to put a stop to this new menace, but were helpless because of the Medical Termination of Pregnancy Act 1971 which permitted the amniocentesis test as it claimed to be used for detection of foetal abnormalities,. According to the MTP Act, if any abnormality is detected between 12 to 18 weeks of gestational period in the foetus, an abortion can be legally carried out up to 20 weeks of pregn ancy.  [4]  Owing to this provision, amniocentesis could not be banned and its gross misuse continued. Although responding to the situation certain legal steps had been initiated by the government, however, the evil of Female Foeticide could not be curbed out but rather with the passage of time it has become all the more sdangerous. Today the issue of Female Foeticide in India is no longer only an issue of violation of womens rights only but rather it has become a chronic disease. It has become so widespread all over the country today that day by day we are actually inching closer to a nation without women. Weird it may sound, but the shocking statistics revealing the distorted sex ratio in our country compel us to accept this truth. According to the United Nations an estimated 2,000 unborn girls are illegally aborted every day in India. Another glaring example is the demographic profile of India which clearly indicates the profoundness and wide spread prevalence of female foeticide. India is a country of 102.7 crore population, out of which 53.1 crores is of males and 49.6 crores is of females, clearly indicating a deficit of 3.5 crore women. The sex ratio is 933 women /1000 men and child sex ratio is 927 girls for 1000 boys  [5]. The intensity of this heinous crime in our country is revealed by the following figures: Sex Ratio (females per thousand males), India: 1901-2001 Year Sex-Ratio 1901 972 1911 964 1921 955 1931 950 1941 945 1951 946 1961 941 1971 930 1981 934 1991 929 2001 933 Thus as per these statistics reveal, the overall sex ratio in India is 933 females for every 1000 males, showing a marginal increase of 4 points from the 1991 census of 929. However, this is a very sorry state indeed and we are doing much worse than over a hundred years ago when the sex ratio was 972 in 1901, 946 in 1951 till the 933 today. The Trend of sex ratios in the age group of 0-6 years all over India Years Sex Ratio 1961 976 1971 964 1981 962 1991 945 2001 933 The above table clarifies that more and more baby girls have either been aborted or killed as infants since 1961 and that this trend continues strong even today. The intensity of sex ratio imbalance in the 0-6 age group in some states of India is indeed horrifying. In Punjab the sex ratio is (793 F: 1000 M), in Haryana it is (820 F: 1000 M), in Himachal Pradesh it is (897 F: 1000 M), in Gujarat it is (878 F: 1000 M). Recent government figures show that in South Delhi, the sex ratio is 762 females per 1000 males, while in Mumbais Borivalli its 728 females per 1000 males. In Jaipur itself, an average of 3500 instances of female foeticide is supposed to be carried per year. These figures undoubtedly point out that the country, is witnessing today the systematic extermination of the female child on a large scale. All most the whole of the country is under the grip of this menace. The following table estimates the intensity of Female Foeticide in the various states of India: States Showing High Foeticide Percentage State Female Foeticide ( percent to All India) Maharashtra 45.1 Madhya Pradesh 15.4 Haryana 14.3 Rajasthan 9.9 Andhra Pradesh 8.8 From the above table we find that ironically the developed and the richest states of India are the toppers in the list where female foeticide is extensive. According to UNICEF study done over 3 years (1994-1996), there are only five states in India where no case of foeticide or infanticide have been reported which are Sikkim, Nagaland, Meghalaya, Mizoram and Jammu Kashmir. An improvement in the child sex ratio whatsoever has only been marked in one state, Kerala, and two Union Territories, Lakshwadeep and Pondicherry. The reports published by various agencies also throw considerable light on this grim reality. The UN reports reveal that between 35 to 40 million girls missing from the Indian population. According to a study conducted recently in India, the first systematic study on female foeticide by an Indo-Canadian team, 10 million female foetuses have been aborted in India, What all the more shocking is according to its report every year, about 50,000 unborn girls-one in every 25-are aborted in India.  [7]   The UNPFA report on India Towards Population and Development Goals published in 1997 also expressed its concern over the issue. It is estimated that 48 million women were missing from Indias population. The report states If the sex ratio of 1036 females per 1000 males observed in some states of Kerala in 1991 had prevailed in the whole country, the number of would be 455 million instead of the 407 million (in the 1991 census). Thus, there is a case of between 32 to 48 million missing females in the Indian society as of 1991 that needs to be explained. It further stated that, The 1991 census is only indicative of this disturbing trend when elsewhere in the world women outnumber men by 3 to 5 percent. There are 95 to 97 males to 100 females in Europe; the ratio is even less, 88 males to 100 females, in Russia, mainly due to causalities of World War 2.  [8]   According to the UNICEF report, 40 to 50 million girls have gone missing from Indian population since 1901 as a result of systematic gender discrimination in India.  [9]   Thus in consideration of all these facts it is quite evident that Female Foeticide has taken a disastrous shape in India. It is the distressing reality of Shining India that the mass depletion of the fairer sex is being carried on boldly without any hesitation, without any fear. Laws in India to Check Female Foeticide: In India in order to stop the indiscriminate abortion of female fetuses several laws have been enacted. The essential provisions relating to the prevention of Female Foeticide are laid down in: Indian Penal Code 1860 The Medical Termination of Pregnancy Act,1971 The Pre-Natal Diagnostic Techniques (Regulation and Prevention of Misuse) Act, 1994 a) Indian Penal Code 1860: Under the IPC adequate provisions have been made for the protection of mother and unborn child. Under Section 312  [10], 313  [11]  and 314  [12], the IPC provides to save the women from miscarriage. Miscarriage means the expulsion of the child or foetus from the mothers womb at any period of pregnancy before the term of gestation is completed. Though the term miscarriage is not defined in the I.P.C in its popular sense, it is synonymous with abortion, and consists in the explosion of the embryo or foetus, i.e. the immature product of conception. The stage at which pregnancy has advanced and the form which the ovum or embryo may have assumed are immaterial.  [13]  Any act intended, not in good faith to cause miscarriage is punishable under IPC. The punishment for this offence is further enhanced if the woman is quick with child. The term Quickening refers to the peculiar sensations experienced by a woman about the fourth or fifth month of pregna ncy. The symptoms are popularly ascribed to the first perception of the movement of the foetus. According to Section 312 if any person causes a miscarriage of woman, he shall be punished with the imprisonment up to three years or fine or with both, and if the woman be quick with child, he shall be punished with imprisonment up to seven years and fine also. Under this section a woman who causes her miscarriage or gives consent to miscarry is also liable for punishment. Section 313 provides the punishment for life or ten years and fine, who causes the miscarriages of a woman without her consent. In the case of Tulsi Devi v. State of U.P  [14], the accused women kicked a pregnant woman in her abdomen resulting in miscarriage. She was held to be convicted under Section 313. Section 314 further provides that if the act directed to cause miscarriage results in death of the pregnant woman, the offender is punishable with imprisonment of ten years as well as with fine. However the IPC permits abortion  [15]  for saving the life of the pregnant women. Section 312 allows the termination of pregnancy in good faith for saving the life of the pregnant woman. The term good faith, however, is not a constant term but it is varied from case to case. The General Clauses Act 1897  [16]  defines good faith as, A thing shall be deemed to be done in good faith where it is, in fact done honestly. IPC  [17]  defines good faith as Nothing is said to be done or believed in good faith which is done or believed without due care and attention. In addition to these, Section 315  [18]  and 316  [19]  provides for protection against injuries to the unborn child. Section 315 lays down that any person doing an act without good faith with the intention of preventing a child to be born or to cause it die after birth is punishable with imprisonment of ten tears or fine or both. Section 316 provides if a person causes the death of a quick unborn child by an act amounting to culpable homicide he shall be punishable with imprisonment for ten years as well as be fined. Like the Indian law, protection to the unborn child has also been recognized and guaranteed in other countries too. Such as in the United States thirty-five states currently recognize the unborn child or fetus as a homicide victim. 25 of those states apply this principle throughout the period of pre-natal development  [20]  while 10 establish protection at some later stage, which varies from state to state. For example, the Supreme Court of California treats the killing of a fetus as homicide, but does not treat the killing of an embryo (prior to approximately eight weeks) as homicide  [21]. The Unborn Victims of Violence Act enacted in 2004 recognizes the child in utero as a member of the species homo sapiens, at any stage of development, who is carried in the womb. This child in utero is recognized as a legal victim if he or she is injured or killed during the commission of any of 68 existing federal crimes of violence and offered legal remedy as per the state laws. However, the federal and state courts have consistently held that these laws do not apply to apply to legal induced abortions and do not contradict the U.S. Supreme Courts rulings on abortion.  [22]  But unlawful abortion however may be considered foeticide, even if the pregnant woman consents to the abortion.  [23]. Similarly the English law also gives protection to the unborn child. It recognizes Child Destruction as a crime. Child destruction refers to the crime of killing a child capable of being born alive, before it has a separate existence  [24]. The Crimes Act 1958 defined capable of being born alive as 28 weeks gestation, later reduced to 24 weeks. b) The Medical Termination Of Pregnancy Act, 1971: The MTP Act is another attempt to prevent high rate of female foeticide in India. This Act aims in preventing large number of unsafe abortions. The Act clearly states that an abortion can be termed legal only when- Termination is done by a medical practitioner approved by the Act Termination is done at a place approved under the Act Termination is done for conditions and within the gestation prescribed by the Act Other requirements of the rules regulations are complied with. It permits termination of pregnancy only when Continuation of pregnancy constitutes risk to the life or grave injury to the physical or mental health of woman or there is a substantial risk of physical or mental abnormalities in the fetus as to render it seriously handicapped or if pregnancy caused by rape (presumed grave injury to mental health) or due to contraceptive failure in married couple (presumed grave injury to mental health).However termination of pregnancy is possible Upto 20 weeks of gestation period only With the consent of the woman. If the woman is below 18 years or is mentally ill, then with consent of a guardian With the opinion of a registered medical practitioner, formed in good faith, under certain circumstances With the opinion of two RMPs  [25]  required for termination of pregnancy between 12 and 20 weeks. Also such abortion is to be conducted either at a hospital established or maintained by Government or at a place approved for the purpose of this Act by a District-level Committee constituted by the government with the CMHO as Chairperson. Thus this Act on one hand positively aims to improve the maternal health scenario by upholding the validity of legally induced abortions and negatively, on the other hand, seeks to reduce illegal abortions. Also it is to be noted that such strict principles laid down by the Act for the regulation of abortion is a bold attempt by the Indian Legislature to check Female Foeticide. The Act seeks to put an end to the menace of illegal abortions carried out primarily for the elimination of female fetuses. c) The Pre-Natal Diagnostic Techniques (Regulations and Prevention of Misuse) Act 1994: The PNDT Act is the outcome of the realization of the Parliament that a central piece of legislation had become mandatory for stopping the abuse of pre natal diagnostic techniques. When it was quite evident from the mushroom growth of clinics all over that the pre-natal diagnostic techniques were not restricted for the purpose of detection of genetic disorders or chromosomal abnormalities or congenital abnormalities or sex-linked diseases only but was actually leading to female foeticide, for the first time in India, in 1986, a social action group in Mumbai namely the Forum Against Sex Determination and Sex Pre-selection (FASDSP), initiated a campaign. On its pressure the Maharashtra government enacted the Maharashtra Regulation of Pre-Natal Diagnostic Techniques Act 1988, which was the first anti sex determination drive in the country. This was followed by a similar Act being introduced in Punjab in May 1994. However both these Acts were repealed by the enactment of a central legislation, i.e. the Pre-Natal Diagnostic Techniques (Regulation and Prevention of Misuse) Act 1994, which came into effect from 01.01.1996, banning sex determination tests all over the country. This Act was renamed in 2002 as the Pre- Conception and Pre-Natal Diagnostic Techniques (Prohibition of Sex Selection) Act, 1994 (PCPNDT Act) which came to effect from 14.02.2003. The PCPNDT Act chiefly provides for: a) Prohibition of sex selection, before and after conception. b) Regulation of prenatal diagnostic techniques (e.g. aminocentesis and ultrasonography) for detection of genetic abnormalities, by restricting their use to registered institutions. The Act allows the use of these techniques only at a registered institutions .The Act allows the use of these techniques only at a registered place for a specified purpose and by a qualified person, registered for this purpose. c) Prevention of misuse of such techniques for sex selection before or after conception. d) Prohibition of advertisement of any technique for sex selection as well as sex determination. e) Prohibition on sale of ultrasound machines to persons not registered under this Act. f) Punishment for violations of the Act. This Act requires that all diagnostic centres must be registered with the authorities. They are required to maintain detailed records of all pregnant women undergoing scans there. These records must include the referring doctor, medical and other details of the woman, reason for doing the scan, and signatures of the doctors. These records must be submitted to the authorities periodically. For implementing the Act, appropriate authorities are appointed at the state level and work with the director of health services, a member of a womens organization and an officer of the law. At the district level, the appropriate authority is the medical officer or civil surgeon. Advisory committees consisting of doctors, social workers and people with legal training assist appropriate authorities. Supervisory boards at the state and central levels look at the implementation of the Act. The appropriate authority may cancel the diagnostic centres registration, make independent investigations, take co mplaints to court, and take appropriate legal action. It may demand documentation, search premises, and seal and seize material. Courts may respond only to complaints from the appropriate authority. Under the Act the following people can be charged-everyone running the diagnostic unit for sex selection, mediators who refer pregnant women to the test, and relatives of the pregnant woman. The pregnant woman is considered innocent under the Act, unless proved guilty. So far as penalties under the Act are concerned, it consists of imprisonment for up to three years and a fine of up to Rs. 10,000. This is increased to five years and Rs. 100,000 for subsequent offences. Doctors charged with the offence will be reported to the State Medical Council, which can take the further necessary action including suspension. These are the three chief legislative measures initiated in India for combating the evil of Female Foeticide. Judicial Response to Female Foeticide in India: The Indian Judiciary has from time to time come up with ingenious ways to provide protection to the fairer sex and this essentially includes the group of unborn girls too. The Supreme Court in the case of Centre for Enquiry into Health and Allied Themes (CEHAT) and others v. Union of India  [26]  which was filed under section 32 of the Constitution of India under PIL issued directions to Central Supervisory Board, all State Governments and Union Territories for proper and effective implementation of the PCPNDT Act which mandates that sex selection by any person, by any means, before or after conception, is prohibited. Since 2001, the judiciary has been closely monitoring the implementation of its various orders passed regarding the ban on the use of ultrasound scanners for conducting such tests. Subsequently, it had sought status reports from all states and Union Territories. The Supreme Court also directed 9 companies to supply the information of the machines sold to various cl inics in the last 5 years.. Addresses received from the manufacturers were also sent to concerned states and to launch prosecution against those bodies using ultrasound machines that had filed to get themselves registered under the Act. The court directed that the ultrasound machines/scanners be sealed and seized if they were being used without registration. The Supreme Court also asked three associations viz., The Indian Medical Association [IMA], Indian Radiologist Association [IRA], and the Federation of Obstetricians and Gynecologists Societies of India [FOGSI] to furnish details of members using these machines.  [27]  It is to be noted that since the Supreme Court had issued such directives, 99 cases were registered and in 232 cases ultrasound machines, other equipment and records were seized Today there is an estimated 25000 ultrasound machines in the country, of these 15000 have been registered, owing to the efforts of the Judiciary. The Supreme Court in the case of Mr. V ijay Sharma and Mrs. Kirti Sharma vs. Union of India  [28]  the Supreme Court has recently quoted that foeticide of girl child is a sin; such tendency offends dignity of women. It undermines their importance. It violates womans right to life. It violates  Article  39(e) of the  Constitution  which states the principle of state policy that the health and strength of women is not to be abused. It ignores Article  51A (e) of the  Constitution  which states that it shall be the duty of every citizen of India to renounce practices derogatory to the dignity of women. The architects of the MTPA, 1971, have not taken into consideration the fundamental rights of the foetus to be born. It is submitted that life exists in the foetus while in the womb of the mother and in this context Article 21 of the constitution of India is applicable to unborn person as well. Current Scenario of the extent of Female Foeticide in India subsequent to the Legislative initiatives and Judicial attempts: It is quite unfortunate that in India despite enactment of effective laws there has been a little change in the psychology and behavior in the people who still have a damn care attitude in causing the death of that most vulnerable being in India the female foetus. The PCPNDT Act has not been successful to curb out this menace completely but has somewhere or the other contributed to the mushroom growth of private clinics all over the country where people desperately visit for conducting sex selective abortions. Another shameful picture which has come out is that of the doctor community, more often labeled as Gods in our country, are seen to commit a blatant violation of law as well as medical ethics. The zeal with which Female Foeticide has been pursued in the last few decades is indeed a matter of grave concern. The 2001 census registered a decline in the child sex ratio in 80% of the districts in India. The juvenile sex ratio, which stood at 976 in 1961, fell to 927 in 2001, for th e country as a whole. According to a popular survey, there are 2,379 registered scan centres in Tamil Nadu alone. In Chennai itself, 147 private nursing homes are allowed to carry out medical termination of pregnancy and sterilisation. What actually happens in our country is that laws remain as mere paper legislations only. For example, the PCPNDT Act mandates the seizure of all equipment/machines for non-registration. But what usually takes place in our country is release of machines after payment of a fine. Considering another situation, the Act also mandates that any person conducting ultrasonography or any other pre-natal diagnostic technique must maintain proper records. The Act requires the filling up of a written form, duly signed by the expectant mother, as to why she has sought diagnosis. But in reality there is hardly any forms fi